What are Research Chemicals

 What are Research Chemicals

A research chemical substance , or chemical product (sometimes called a pure substance ), is any sample of matter of defined chemical composition and exhibiting characteristic properties ( color , odor , density , melting point ,  etc. ), regardless of its origin.

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It is not always easy to give a precise definition of a chemical substance.

In general, this concept refers to a product manufactured ( synthesized ) by humans (not existing in nature or copying molecules existing in nature).

For the standardized administrative vocabulary of France and the European Union  :

“chemical substances” designate “chemical elements and their compounds as they occur in their natural state or as they are obtained by any production process” 1  ;

the word “preparation” designates “mixtures or solutions composed of two or more substances

Number of different chemicals, and tonnages produced

The quantity of these products has greatly increased since the industrial revolution .

The number of different chemicals identified exceeded sixty-five million in 2009 (compared to eighteen million in 2002).

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It is estimated that approximately eleven thousand new substances were created per day from 2002 to 2009 2 . The CAS database counted 47,372,533 chemicals atJune 5, 20092 (including 34,961,413 products marketed 2 ).

More than 85,000 chemical substances are commercially available , and seven new substances are introduced into commerce every day 3 .

The annual global production of chemicals has also increased rapidly, from around one million tonnes per year around 1930 2 to over three hundred million tonnes in 2009 2 , largely synthesized from fossil hydrocarbons.

Many of these products have been widely distributed in the environment where they degrade and/or circulate, via water and air , from where they end up in soils and sediments .

They form in the environment or in the organisms that ingest them by-products , metabolites , residues that can combine with other products (producing possible synergies (chemical, biochemical,  etc. ).

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They are in particular found in water (including rainwater , mist and dew, for pesticides for example, but also in surface water , groundwater and drinking water for endocrine disruptors for example). Some of these products can be highly bioconcentrated in the food chain and then found in certain foods (meat, fish, flesh of filter feeding animals in particular).

Some are active at low or even very low doses, and are considered anthropogenic micropollutants of concern posing new challenges for environmental assessment 2 

These are self-checks and checks carried out by the competent authorities, accompanied by possible sanctions provided for by law.

Given the number of products synthesized, placed on the market or used, the number of controls may seem modest. 

For example, a little "more than 7,500 checks were carried out in 2010" at importers, manufacturers, those responsible for the first marketing, distributors and users of chemical products, often by "the labor inspectorate, the inspectors of classified installations, competition, consumer and fraud prevention officers, customs officers and inspectors from the French agency for the safety of health products, etc” 14 . 

About 50% of these checks concerned compliance with the REACH regulation.

In France, increasing the frequency and quality of checks on chemical products was a request from the Grenelle Environment Forum as well as from the second National Environmental Health Plan and the Occupational Health Plan. 

The legislator has provided for sanctions whose dissuasive nature for large groups is under debate, ranging from the administrative fine (still non-existent in 2012 in the field of installations classified for the protection of the environment ), to the consignment of sums and bans on the manufacture or export of chemicals. 

The public prosecutor 's office must be notified of the checks carried out, without prejudice to the special rules applicable to labor inspection 14.

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 The problems most frequently noted by the inspectors in 2010 were non-compliance with the safety data sheet for products classified as dangerous (which must comply with Article 31 and Annex II of Regulation (EC ) No  1907/2006), defects in labeling or instructions for biocidal products. In 2010, out of more than 7,500 checks, approximately 2% of findings (including those showing prohibited use of chemicals) were followed by administrative and criminal penalties